[jboss-cvs] jboss-seam/src/main/org/jboss/seam/util ...

Shane Bryzak sbryzak at redhat.com
Mon May 21 01:38:32 EDT 2007


  User: sbryzak2
  Date: 07/05/21 01:38:32

  Added:       src/main/org/jboss/seam/util  Base64.java
  Log:
  required by auth filter
  
  Revision  Changes    Path
  1.1      date: 2007/05/21 05:38:32;  author: sbryzak2;  state: Exp;jboss-seam/src/main/org/jboss/seam/util/Base64.java
  
  Index: Base64.java
  ===================================================================
  package org.jboss.seam.util;
  
  /**
   * <p>Encodes and decodes to and from Base64 notation.</p>
   * <p>Homepage: <a href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a>.</p>
   *
   * <p>
   * Change Log:
   * </p>
   * <ul>
   *  <li>v2.2.1 - Fixed bug using URL_SAFE and ORDERED encodings. Fixed bug
   *   when using very small files (~< 40 bytes).</li>
   *  <li>v2.2 - Added some helper methods for encoding/decoding directly from
   *   one file to the next. Also added a main() method to support command line
   *   encoding/decoding from one file to the next. Also added these Base64 dialects:
   *   <ol>
   *   <li>The default is RFC3548 format.</li>
   *   <li>Calling Base64.setFormat(Base64.BASE64_FORMAT.URLSAFE_FORMAT) generates
   *   URL and file name friendly format as described in Section 4 of RFC3548.
   *   http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</li>
   *   <li>Calling Base64.setFormat(Base64.BASE64_FORMAT.ORDERED_FORMAT) generates
   *   URL and file name friendly format that preserves lexical ordering as described
   *   in http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</li>
   *   </ol>
   *   Special thanks to Jim Kellerman at <a href="http://www.powerset.com/">http://www.powerset.com/</a>
   *   for contributing the new Base64 dialects.
   *  </li>
   * 
   *  <li>v2.1 - Cleaned up javadoc comments and unused variables and methods. Added
   *   some convenience methods for reading and writing to and from files.</li>
   *  <li>v2.0.2 - Now specifies UTF-8 encoding in places where the code fails on systems
   *   with other encodings (like EBCDIC).</li>
   *  <li>v2.0.1 - Fixed an error when decoding a single byte, that is, when the
   *   encoded data was a single byte.</li>
   *  <li>v2.0 - I got rid of methods that used booleans to set options. 
   *   Now everything is more consolidated and cleaner. The code now detects
   *   when data that's being decoded is gzip-compressed and will decompress it
   *   automatically. Generally things are cleaner. You'll probably have to
   *   change some method calls that you were making to support the new
   *   options format (<tt>int</tt>s that you "OR" together).</li>
   *  <li>v1.5.1 - Fixed bug when decompressing and decoding to a             
   *   byte[] using <tt>decode( String s, boolean gzipCompressed )</tt>.      
   *   Added the ability to "suspend" encoding in the Output Stream so        
   *   you can turn on and off the encoding if you need to embed base64       
   *   data in an otherwise "normal" stream (like an XML file).</li>  
   *  <li>v1.5 - Output stream pases on flush() command but doesn't do anything itself.
   *      This helps when using GZIP streams.
   *      Added the ability to GZip-compress objects before encoding them.</li>
   *  <li>v1.4 - Added helper methods to read/write files.</li>
   *  <li>v1.3.6 - Fixed OutputStream.flush() so that 'position' is reset.</li>
   *  <li>v1.3.5 - Added flag to turn on and off line breaks. Fixed bug in input stream
   *      where last buffer being read, if not completely full, was not returned.</li>
   *  <li>v1.3.4 - Fixed when "improperly padded stream" error was thrown at the wrong time.</li>
   *  <li>v1.3.3 - Fixed I/O streams which were totally messed up.</li>
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p>
   * I am placing this code in the Public Domain. Do with it as you will.
   * This software comes with no guarantees or warranties but with
   * plenty of well-wishing instead!
   * Please visit <a href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a>
   * periodically to check for updates or to contribute improvements.
   * </p>
   *
   * @author Robert Harder
   * @author rob at iharder.net
   * @version 2.2.1
   */
  public class Base64
  {
      
  /* ********  P U B L I C   F I E L D S  ******** */   
      
      
      /** No options specified. Value is zero. */
      public final static int NO_OPTIONS = 0;
      
      /** Specify encoding. */
      public final static int ENCODE = 1;
      
      
      /** Specify decoding. */
      public final static int DECODE = 0;
      
      
      /** Specify that data should be gzip-compressed. */
      public final static int GZIP = 2;
      
      
      /** Don't break lines when encoding (violates strict Base64 specification) */
      public final static int DONT_BREAK_LINES = 8;
     
     /** 
      * Encode using Base64-like encoding that is URL- and Filename-safe as described
      * in Section 4 of RFC3548: 
      * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</a>.
      * It is important to note that data encoded this way is <em>not</em> officially valid Base64, 
      * or at the very least should not be called Base64 without also specifying that is
      * was encoded using the URL- and Filename-safe dialect.
      */
      public final static int URL_SAFE = 16;
      
      
      /**
       * Encode using the special "ordered" dialect of Base64 described here:
       * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html">http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</a>.
       */
      public final static int ORDERED = 32;
      
      
  /* ********  P R I V A T E   F I E L D S  ******** */  
      
      
      /** Maximum line length (76) of Base64 output. */
      private final static int MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 76;
      
      
      /** The equals sign (=) as a byte. */
      private final static byte EQUALS_SIGN = (byte)'=';
      
      
      /** The new line character (\n) as a byte. */
      private final static byte NEW_LINE = (byte)'\n';
      
      
      /** Preferred encoding. */
      private final static String PREFERRED_ENCODING = "UTF-8";
      
     
      // I think I end up not using the BAD_ENCODING indicator.
      //private final static byte BAD_ENCODING    = -9; // Indicates error in encoding
      private final static byte WHITE_SPACE_ENC = -5; // Indicates white space in encoding
      private final static byte EQUALS_SIGN_ENC = -1; // Indicates equals sign in encoding
     
     
  /* ********  S T A N D A R D   B A S E 6 4   A L P H A B E T  ******** */  
      
      /** The 64 valid Base64 values. */
      //private final static byte[] ALPHABET;
     /* Host platform me be something funny like EBCDIC, so we hardcode these values. */
     private final static byte[] _STANDARD_ALPHABET =
      {
          (byte)'A', (byte)'B', (byte)'C', (byte)'D', (byte)'E', (byte)'F', (byte)'G',
          (byte)'H', (byte)'I', (byte)'J', (byte)'K', (byte)'L', (byte)'M', (byte)'N',
          (byte)'O', (byte)'P', (byte)'Q', (byte)'R', (byte)'S', (byte)'T', (byte)'U', 
          (byte)'V', (byte)'W', (byte)'X', (byte)'Y', (byte)'Z',
          (byte)'a', (byte)'b', (byte)'c', (byte)'d', (byte)'e', (byte)'f', (byte)'g',
          (byte)'h', (byte)'i', (byte)'j', (byte)'k', (byte)'l', (byte)'m', (byte)'n',
          (byte)'o', (byte)'p', (byte)'q', (byte)'r', (byte)'s', (byte)'t', (byte)'u', 
          (byte)'v', (byte)'w', (byte)'x', (byte)'y', (byte)'z',
          (byte)'0', (byte)'1', (byte)'2', (byte)'3', (byte)'4', (byte)'5', 
          (byte)'6', (byte)'7', (byte)'8', (byte)'9', (byte)'+', (byte)'/'
      };
     
      
      /** 
       * Translates a Base64 value to either its 6-bit reconstruction value
       * or a negative number indicating some other meaning.
       **/
      private final static byte[] _STANDARD_DECODABET =
      {   
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,                 // Decimal  0 -  8
          -5,-5,                                      // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
          -9,-9,                                      // Decimal 11 - 12
          -5,                                         // Whitespace: Carriage Return
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 14 - 26
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,                             // Decimal 27 - 31
          -5,                                         // Whitespace: Space
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,              // Decimal 33 - 42
          62,                                         // Plus sign at decimal 43
          -9,-9,-9,                                   // Decimal 44 - 46
          63,                                         // Slash at decimal 47
          52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,              // Numbers zero through nine
          -9,-9,-9,                                   // Decimal 58 - 60
          -1,                                         // Equals sign at decimal 61
          -9,-9,-9,                                      // Decimal 62 - 64
          0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,            // Letters 'A' through 'N'
          14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,        // Letters 'O' through 'Z'
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,                          // Decimal 91 - 96
          26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,     // Letters 'a' through 'm'
          39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,     // Letters 'n' through 'z'
          -9,-9,-9,-9                                 // Decimal 123 - 126
          /*,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 127 - 139
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9         // Decimal 244 - 255 */
      };
     
     
  /* ********  U R L   S A F E   B A S E 6 4   A L P H A B E T  ******** */
     
     /**
      * Used in the URL- and Filename-safe dialect described in Section 4 of RFC3548: 
      * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</a>.
      * Notice that the last two bytes become "hyphen" and "underscore" instead of "plus" and "slash."
      */
      private final static byte[] _URL_SAFE_ALPHABET =
      {
        (byte)'A', (byte)'B', (byte)'C', (byte)'D', (byte)'E', (byte)'F', (byte)'G',
        (byte)'H', (byte)'I', (byte)'J', (byte)'K', (byte)'L', (byte)'M', (byte)'N',
        (byte)'O', (byte)'P', (byte)'Q', (byte)'R', (byte)'S', (byte)'T', (byte)'U', 
        (byte)'V', (byte)'W', (byte)'X', (byte)'Y', (byte)'Z',
        (byte)'a', (byte)'b', (byte)'c', (byte)'d', (byte)'e', (byte)'f', (byte)'g',
        (byte)'h', (byte)'i', (byte)'j', (byte)'k', (byte)'l', (byte)'m', (byte)'n',
        (byte)'o', (byte)'p', (byte)'q', (byte)'r', (byte)'s', (byte)'t', (byte)'u', 
        (byte)'v', (byte)'w', (byte)'x', (byte)'y', (byte)'z',
        (byte)'0', (byte)'1', (byte)'2', (byte)'3', (byte)'4', (byte)'5', 
        (byte)'6', (byte)'7', (byte)'8', (byte)'9', (byte)'-', (byte)'_'
      };
     
     /**
      * Used in decoding URL- and Filename-safe dialects of Base64.
      */
      private final static byte[] _URL_SAFE_DECODABET =
      {   
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,                 // Decimal  0 -  8
        -5,-5,                                      // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
        -9,-9,                                      // Decimal 11 - 12
        -5,                                         // Whitespace: Carriage Return
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 14 - 26
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,                             // Decimal 27 - 31
        -5,                                         // Whitespace: Space
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,              // Decimal 33 - 42
        -9,                                         // Plus sign at decimal 43
        -9,                                         // Decimal 44
        62,                                         // Minus sign at decimal 45
        -9,                                         // Decimal 46
        -9,                                         // Slash at decimal 47
        52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,              // Numbers zero through nine
        -9,-9,-9,                                   // Decimal 58 - 60
        -1,                                         // Equals sign at decimal 61
        -9,-9,-9,                                   // Decimal 62 - 64
        0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,            // Letters 'A' through 'N'
        14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,        // Letters 'O' through 'Z'
        -9,-9,-9,-9,                                // Decimal 91 - 94
        63,                                         // Underscore at decimal 95
        -9,                                         // Decimal 96
        26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,     // Letters 'a' through 'm'
        39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,     // Letters 'n' through 'z'
        -9,-9,-9,-9                                 // Decimal 123 - 126
        /*,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 127 - 139
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9         // Decimal 244 - 255 */
      };
  
  
  
  /* ********  O R D E R E D   B A S E 6 4   A L P H A B E T  ******** */
  
     /**
      * I don't get the point of this technique, but it is described here:
      * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html">http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</a>.
      */
      private final static byte[] _ORDERED_ALPHABET =
      {
        (byte)'-',
        (byte)'0', (byte)'1', (byte)'2', (byte)'3', (byte)'4',
        (byte)'5', (byte)'6', (byte)'7', (byte)'8', (byte)'9',
        (byte)'A', (byte)'B', (byte)'C', (byte)'D', (byte)'E', (byte)'F', (byte)'G',
        (byte)'H', (byte)'I', (byte)'J', (byte)'K', (byte)'L', (byte)'M', (byte)'N',
        (byte)'O', (byte)'P', (byte)'Q', (byte)'R', (byte)'S', (byte)'T', (byte)'U',
        (byte)'V', (byte)'W', (byte)'X', (byte)'Y', (byte)'Z',
        (byte)'_',
        (byte)'a', (byte)'b', (byte)'c', (byte)'d', (byte)'e', (byte)'f', (byte)'g',
        (byte)'h', (byte)'i', (byte)'j', (byte)'k', (byte)'l', (byte)'m', (byte)'n',
        (byte)'o', (byte)'p', (byte)'q', (byte)'r', (byte)'s', (byte)'t', (byte)'u',
        (byte)'v', (byte)'w', (byte)'x', (byte)'y', (byte)'z'
      };
     
     /**
      * Used in decoding the "ordered" dialect of Base64.
      */
      private final static byte[] _ORDERED_DECODABET =
      {   
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,                 // Decimal  0 -  8
        -5,-5,                                      // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
        -9,-9,                                      // Decimal 11 - 12
        -5,                                         // Whitespace: Carriage Return
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 14 - 26
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,                             // Decimal 27 - 31
        -5,                                         // Whitespace: Space
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,              // Decimal 33 - 42
        -9,                                         // Plus sign at decimal 43
        -9,                                         // Decimal 44
        0,                                          // Minus sign at decimal 45
        -9,                                         // Decimal 46
        -9,                                         // Slash at decimal 47
        1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,                       // Numbers zero through nine
        -9,-9,-9,                                   // Decimal 58 - 60
        -1,                                         // Equals sign at decimal 61
        -9,-9,-9,                                   // Decimal 62 - 64
        11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,     // Letters 'A' through 'M'
        24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,     // Letters 'N' through 'Z'
        -9,-9,-9,-9,                                // Decimal 91 - 94
        37,                                         // Underscore at decimal 95
        -9,                                         // Decimal 96
        38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,     // Letters 'a' through 'm'
        51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,     // Letters 'n' through 'z'
        -9,-9,-9,-9                                 // Decimal 123 - 126
        /*,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 127 - 139
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
          -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9         // Decimal 244 - 255 */
      };
  
     
  /* ********  D E T E R M I N E   W H I C H   A L H A B E T  ******** */
  
  
     /**
      * Returns one of the _SOMETHING_ALPHABET byte arrays depending on
      * the options specified.
      * It's possible, though silly, to specify ORDERED and URLSAFE
      * in which case one of them will be picked, though there is
      * no guarantee as to which one will be picked.
      */
     private final static byte[] getAlphabet( int options )
     {
        if( (options & URL_SAFE) == URL_SAFE ) return _URL_SAFE_ALPHABET;
        else if( (options & ORDERED) == ORDERED ) return _ORDERED_ALPHABET;
        else return _STANDARD_ALPHABET;
        
     }  // end getAlphabet
     
     
     /**
      * Returns one of the _SOMETHING_DECODABET byte arrays depending on
      * the options specified.
      * It's possible, though silly, to specify ORDERED and URL_SAFE
      * in which case one of them will be picked, though there is
      * no guarantee as to which one will be picked.
      */
     private final static byte[] getDecodabet( int options )
     {
        if( (options & URL_SAFE) == URL_SAFE ) return _URL_SAFE_DECODABET;
        else if( (options & ORDERED) == ORDERED ) return _ORDERED_DECODABET;
        else return _STANDARD_DECODABET;
        
     }  // end getAlphabet
          
  
      
      /** Defeats instantiation. */
      private Base64(){}
      
  
      /**
       * Encodes or decodes two files from the command line;
       * <strong>feel free to delete this method (in fact you probably should)
       * if you're embedding this code into a larger program.</strong>
       */
      public final static void main( String[] args )
      {
          if( args.length < 3 ){
              usage("Not enough arguments.");
          }   // end if: args.length < 3
          else {
              String flag = args[0];
              String infile = args[1];
              String outfile = args[2];
              if( flag.equals( "-e" ) ){
                  Base64.encodeFileToFile( infile, outfile );
              }   // end if: encode
              else if( flag.equals( "-d" ) ) {
                  Base64.decodeFileToFile( infile, outfile );
              }   // end else if: decode    
              else {
                  usage( "Unknown flag: " + flag );
              }   // end else    
          }   // end else
      }   // end main
  
      /**
       * Prints command line usage.
       *
       * @param msg A message to include with usage info.
       */
      private final static void usage( String msg )
      {
          System.err.println( msg );
          System.err.println( "Usage: java Base64 -e|-d inputfile outputfile" );
      }   // end usage
      
      
  /* ********  E N C O D I N G   M E T H O D S  ******** */    
      
      
      /**
       * Encodes up to the first three bytes of array <var>threeBytes</var>
       * and returns a four-byte array in Base64 notation.
       * The actual number of significant bytes in your array is
       * given by <var>numSigBytes</var>.
       * The array <var>threeBytes</var> needs only be as big as
       * <var>numSigBytes</var>.
       * Code can reuse a byte array by passing a four-byte array as <var>b4</var>.
       *
       * @param b4 A reusable byte array to reduce array instantiation
       * @param threeBytes the array to convert
       * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
       * @return four byte array in Base64 notation.
       * @since 1.5.1
       */
      private static byte[] encode3to4( byte[] b4, byte[] threeBytes, int numSigBytes, int options )
      {
          encode3to4( threeBytes, 0, numSigBytes, b4, 0, options );
          return b4;
      }   // end encode3to4
  
      
      /**
       * <p>Encodes up to three bytes of the array <var>source</var>
       * and writes the resulting four Base64 bytes to <var>destination</var>.
       * The source and destination arrays can be manipulated
       * anywhere along their length by specifying 
       * <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>.
       * This method does not check to make sure your arrays
       * are large enough to accomodate <var>srcOffset</var> + 3 for
       * the <var>source</var> array or <var>destOffset</var> + 4 for
       * the <var>destination</var> array.
       * The actual number of significant bytes in your array is
       * given by <var>numSigBytes</var>.</p>
      * <p>This is the lowest level of the encoding methods with
      * all possible parameters.</p>
       *
       * @param source the array to convert
       * @param srcOffset the index where conversion begins
       * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
       * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
       * @param destOffset the index where output will be put
       * @return the <var>destination</var> array
       * @since 1.3
       */
      private static byte[] encode3to4( 
       byte[] source, int srcOffset, int numSigBytes,
       byte[] destination, int destOffset, int options )
      {
        byte[] ALPHABET = getAlphabet( options ); 
     
          //           1         2         3  
          // 01234567890123456789012345678901 Bit position
          // --------000000001111111122222222 Array position from threeBytes
          // --------|    ||    ||    ||    | Six bit groups to index ALPHABET
          //          >>18  >>12  >> 6  >> 0  Right shift necessary
          //                0x3f  0x3f  0x3f  Additional AND
          
          // Create buffer with zero-padding if there are only one or two
          // significant bytes passed in the array.
          // We have to shift left 24 in order to flush out the 1's that appear
          // when Java treats a value as negative that is cast from a byte to an int.
          int inBuff =   ( numSigBytes > 0 ? ((source[ srcOffset     ] << 24) >>>  8) : 0 )
                       | ( numSigBytes > 1 ? ((source[ srcOffset + 1 ] << 24) >>> 16) : 0 )
                       | ( numSigBytes > 2 ? ((source[ srcOffset + 2 ] << 24) >>> 24) : 0 );
  
          switch( numSigBytes )
          {
              case 3:
                  destination[ destOffset     ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>> 18)        ];
                  destination[ destOffset + 1 ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f ];
                  destination[ destOffset + 2 ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>>  6) & 0x3f ];
                  destination[ destOffset + 3 ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff       ) & 0x3f ];
                  return destination;
                  
              case 2:
                  destination[ destOffset     ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>> 18)        ];
                  destination[ destOffset + 1 ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f ];
                  destination[ destOffset + 2 ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>>  6) & 0x3f ];
                  destination[ destOffset + 3 ] = EQUALS_SIGN;
                  return destination;
                  
              case 1:
                  destination[ destOffset     ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>> 18)        ];
                  destination[ destOffset + 1 ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f ];
                  destination[ destOffset + 2 ] = EQUALS_SIGN;
                  destination[ destOffset + 3 ] = EQUALS_SIGN;
                  return destination;
                  
              default:
                  return destination;
          }   // end switch
      }   // end encode3to4
      
      
      
      /**
       * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded
       * version of that serialized object. If the object
       * cannot be serialized or there is another error,
       * the method will return <tt>null</tt>.
       * The object is not GZip-compressed before being encoded.
       *
       * @param serializableObject The object to encode
       * @return The Base64-encoded object
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public static String encodeObject( java.io.Serializable serializableObject )
      {
          return encodeObject( serializableObject, NO_OPTIONS );
      }   // end encodeObject
      
  
  
      /**
       * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded
       * version of that serialized object. If the object
       * cannot be serialized or there is another error,
       * the method will return <tt>null</tt>.
       * <p>
       * Valid options:<pre>
       *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
       *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
       *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
       * </pre>
       * <p>
       * Example: <code>encodeObject( myObj, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
       * <p>
       * Example: <code>encodeObject( myObj, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES )</code>
       *
       * @param serializableObject The object to encode
       * @param options Specified options
       * @return The Base64-encoded object
       * @see Base64#GZIP
       * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
       * @since 2.0
       */
      public static String encodeObject( java.io.Serializable serializableObject, int options )
      {
          // Streams
          java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream  baos  = null; 
          java.io.OutputStream           b64os = null; 
          java.io.ObjectOutputStream     oos   = null; 
          java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream gzos  = null;
          
          // Isolate options
          int gzip           = (options & GZIP);
          int dontBreakLines = (options & DONT_BREAK_LINES);
          
          try
          {
              // ObjectOutputStream -> (GZIP) -> Base64 -> ByteArrayOutputStream
              baos  = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
              b64os = new Base64.OutputStream( baos, ENCODE | options );
      
              // GZip?
              if( gzip == GZIP )
              {
                  gzos = new java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream( b64os );
                  oos  = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream( gzos );
              }   // end if: gzip
              else
                  oos   = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream( b64os );
              
              oos.writeObject( serializableObject );
          }   // end try
          catch( java.io.IOException e )
          {
              e.printStackTrace();
              return null;
          }   // end catch
          finally
          {
              try{ oos.close();   } catch( Exception e ){}
              try{ gzos.close();  } catch( Exception e ){}
              try{ b64os.close(); } catch( Exception e ){}
              try{ baos.close();  } catch( Exception e ){}
          }   // end finally
          
          // Return value according to relevant encoding.
          try 
          {
              return new String( baos.toByteArray(), PREFERRED_ENCODING );
          }   // end try
          catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uue)
          {
              return new String( baos.toByteArray() );
          }   // end catch
          
      }   // end encode
      
      
  
      /**
       * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
       * Does not GZip-compress data.
       *
       * @param source The data to convert
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public static String encodeBytes( byte[] source )
      {
          return encodeBytes( source, 0, source.length, NO_OPTIONS );
      }   // end encodeBytes
      
  
  
      /**
       * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
       * <p>
       * Valid options:<pre>
       *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
       *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
       *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
       * </pre>
       * <p>
       * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
       * <p>
       * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES )</code>
       *
       *
       * @param source The data to convert
       * @param options Specified options
       * @see Base64#GZIP
       * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
       * @since 2.0
       */
      public static String encodeBytes( byte[] source, int options )
      {   
          return encodeBytes( source, 0, source.length, options );
      }   // end encodeBytes
      
      
      /**
       * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
       * Does not GZip-compress data.
       *
       * @param source The data to convert
       * @param off Offset in array where conversion should begin
       * @param len Length of data to convert
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public static String encodeBytes( byte[] source, int off, int len )
      {
          return encodeBytes( source, off, len, NO_OPTIONS );
      }   // end encodeBytes
      
      
  
      /**
       * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
       * <p>
       * Valid options:<pre>
       *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
       *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
       *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
       * </pre>
       * <p>
       * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
       * <p>
       * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES )</code>
       *
       *
       * @param source The data to convert
       * @param off Offset in array where conversion should begin
       * @param len Length of data to convert
       * @param options Specified options
      * @param options alphabet type is pulled from this (standard, url-safe, ordered)
       * @see Base64#GZIP
       * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
       * @since 2.0
       */
      public static String encodeBytes( byte[] source, int off, int len, int options )
      {
          // Isolate options
          int dontBreakLines = ( options & DONT_BREAK_LINES );
          int gzip           = ( options & GZIP   );
          
          // Compress?
          if( gzip == GZIP )
          {
              java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream  baos  = null;
              java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream gzos  = null;
              Base64.OutputStream            b64os = null;
              
      
              try
              {
                  // GZip -> Base64 -> ByteArray
                  baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
                  b64os = new Base64.OutputStream( baos, ENCODE | options );
                  gzos  = new java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream( b64os ); 
              
                  gzos.write( source, off, len );
                  gzos.close();
              }   // end try
              catch( java.io.IOException e )
              {
                  e.printStackTrace();
                  return null;
              }   // end catch
              finally
              {
                  try{ gzos.close();  } catch( Exception e ){}
                  try{ b64os.close(); } catch( Exception e ){}
                  try{ baos.close();  } catch( Exception e ){}
              }   // end finally
  
              // Return value according to relevant encoding.
              try
              {
                  return new String( baos.toByteArray(), PREFERRED_ENCODING );
              }   // end try
              catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uue)
              {
                  return new String( baos.toByteArray() );
              }   // end catch
          }   // end if: compress
          
          // Else, don't compress. Better not to use streams at all then.
          else
          {
              // Convert option to boolean in way that code likes it.
              boolean breakLines = dontBreakLines == 0;
              
              int    len43   = len * 4 / 3;
              byte[] outBuff = new byte[   ( len43 )                      // Main 4:3
                                         + ( (len % 3) > 0 ? 4 : 0 )      // Account for padding
                                         + (breakLines ? ( len43 / MAX_LINE_LENGTH ) : 0) ]; // New lines      
              int d = 0;
              int e = 0;
              int len2 = len - 2;
              int lineLength = 0;
              for( ; d < len2; d+=3, e+=4 )
              {
                  encode3to4( source, d+off, 3, outBuff, e, options );
  
                  lineLength += 4;
                  if( breakLines && lineLength == MAX_LINE_LENGTH )
                  {   
                      outBuff[e+4] = NEW_LINE;
                      e++;
                      lineLength = 0;
                  }   // end if: end of line
              }   // en dfor: each piece of array
  
              if( d < len )
              {
                  encode3to4( source, d+off, len - d, outBuff, e, options );
                  e += 4;
              }   // end if: some padding needed
  
              
              // Return value according to relevant encoding.
              try
              {
                  return new String( outBuff, 0, e, PREFERRED_ENCODING );
              }   // end try
              catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uue)
              {
                  return new String( outBuff, 0, e );
              }   // end catch
              
          }   // end else: don't compress
          
      }   // end encodeBytes
      
  
      
      
      
  /* ********  D E C O D I N G   M E T H O D S  ******** */
      
      
      /**
       * Decodes four bytes from array <var>source</var>
       * and writes the resulting bytes (up to three of them)
       * to <var>destination</var>.
       * The source and destination arrays can be manipulated
       * anywhere along their length by specifying 
       * <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>.
       * This method does not check to make sure your arrays
       * are large enough to accomodate <var>srcOffset</var> + 4 for
       * the <var>source</var> array or <var>destOffset</var> + 3 for
       * the <var>destination</var> array.
       * This method returns the actual number of bytes that 
       * were converted from the Base64 encoding.
      * <p>This is the lowest level of the decoding methods with
      * all possible parameters.</p>
       * 
       *
       * @param source the array to convert
       * @param srcOffset the index where conversion begins
       * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
       * @param destOffset the index where output will be put
      * @param options alphabet type is pulled from this (standard, url-safe, ordered)
       * @return the number of decoded bytes converted
       * @since 1.3
       */
      private static int decode4to3( byte[] source, int srcOffset, byte[] destination, int destOffset, int options )
      {
        byte[] DECODABET = getDecodabet( options ); 
     
          // Example: Dk==
          if( source[ srcOffset + 2] == EQUALS_SIGN )
          {
              // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
              //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset    ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
              //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 );
              int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset    ] ] & 0xFF ) << 18 )
                            | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1] ] & 0xFF ) << 12 );
              
              destination[ destOffset ] = (byte)( outBuff >>> 16 );
              return 1;
          }
          
          // Example: DkL=
          else if( source[ srcOffset + 3 ] == EQUALS_SIGN )
          {
              // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
              //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
              //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
              //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 );
              int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] & 0xFF ) << 18 )
                            | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] & 0xFF ) << 12 )
                            | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] & 0xFF ) <<  6 );
              
              destination[ destOffset     ] = (byte)( outBuff >>> 16 );
              destination[ destOffset + 1 ] = (byte)( outBuff >>>  8 );
              return 2;
          }
          
          // Example: DkLE
          else
          {
              try{
              // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
              //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
              //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
              //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 )
              //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 3 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 24 );
              int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] & 0xFF ) << 18 )
                            | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] & 0xFF ) << 12 )
                            | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] & 0xFF ) <<  6)
                            | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 3 ] ] & 0xFF )      );
  
              
              destination[ destOffset     ] = (byte)( outBuff >> 16 );
              destination[ destOffset + 1 ] = (byte)( outBuff >>  8 );
              destination[ destOffset + 2 ] = (byte)( outBuff       );
  
              return 3;
              }catch( Exception e){
                  System.out.println(""+source[srcOffset]+ ": " + ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ]  ) );
                  System.out.println(""+source[srcOffset+1]+  ": " + ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ]  ) );
                  System.out.println(""+source[srcOffset+2]+  ": " + ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ]  ) );
                  System.out.println(""+source[srcOffset+3]+  ": " + ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 3 ] ]  ) );
                  return -1;
              }   // end catch
          }
      }   // end decodeToBytes
      
      
      
      
      /**
       * Very low-level access to decoding ASCII characters in
       * the form of a byte array. Does not support automatically
       * gunzipping or any other "fancy" features.
       *
       * @param source The Base64 encoded data
       * @param off    The offset of where to begin decoding
       * @param len    The length of characters to decode
       * @return decoded data
       * @since 1.3
       */
      public static byte[] decode( byte[] source, int off, int len, int options )
      {
        byte[] DECODABET = getDecodabet( options );
     
          int    len34   = len * 3 / 4;
          byte[] outBuff = new byte[ len34 ]; // Upper limit on size of output
          int    outBuffPosn = 0;
          
          byte[] b4        = new byte[4];
          int    b4Posn    = 0;
          int    i         = 0;
          byte   sbiCrop   = 0;
          byte   sbiDecode = 0;
          for( i = off; i < off+len; i++ )
          {
              sbiCrop = (byte)(source[i] & 0x7f); // Only the low seven bits
              sbiDecode = DECODABET[ sbiCrop ];
              
              if( sbiDecode >= WHITE_SPACE_ENC ) // White space, Equals sign or better
              {
                  if( sbiDecode >= EQUALS_SIGN_ENC )
                  {
                      b4[ b4Posn++ ] = sbiCrop;
                      if( b4Posn > 3 )
                      {
                          outBuffPosn += decode4to3( b4, 0, outBuff, outBuffPosn, options );
                          b4Posn = 0;
                          
                          // If that was the equals sign, break out of 'for' loop
                          if( sbiCrop == EQUALS_SIGN )
                              break;
                      }   // end if: quartet built
                      
                  }   // end if: equals sign or better
                  
              }   // end if: white space, equals sign or better
              else
              {
                  System.err.println( "Bad Base64 input character at " + i + ": " + source[i] + "(decimal)" );
                  return null;
              }   // end else: 
          }   // each input character
                                     
          byte[] out = new byte[ outBuffPosn ];
          System.arraycopy( outBuff, 0, out, 0, outBuffPosn ); 
          return out;
      }   // end decode
      
      
     
     
      /**
       * Decodes data from Base64 notation, automatically
       * detecting gzip-compressed data and decompressing it.
       *
       * @param s the string to decode
       * @return the decoded data
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public static byte[] decode( String s )
     {
        return decode( s, NO_OPTIONS );
     }
      
      
      /**
       * Decodes data from Base64 notation, automatically
       * detecting gzip-compressed data and decompressing it.
       *
       * @param s the string to decode
      * @param options encode options such as URL_SAFE
       * @return the decoded data
       * @since 1.4
       */
      public static byte[] decode( String s, int options )
      {   
          byte[] bytes;
          try
          {
              bytes = s.getBytes( PREFERRED_ENCODING );
          }   // end try
          catch( java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uee )
          {
              bytes = s.getBytes();
          }   // end catch
        //</change>
          
          // Decode
          bytes = decode( bytes, 0, bytes.length, options );
          
          
          // Check to see if it's gzip-compressed
          // GZIP Magic Two-Byte Number: 0x8b1f (35615)
          if( bytes != null && bytes.length >= 4 )
          {
              
              int head = ((int)bytes[0] & 0xff) | ((bytes[1] << 8) & 0xff00);       
              if( java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream.GZIP_MAGIC == head ) 
              {
                  java.io.ByteArrayInputStream  bais = null;
                  java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream gzis = null;
                  java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
                  byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
                  int    length = 0;
  
                  try
                  {
                      baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
                      bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream( bytes );
                      gzis = new java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream( bais );
  
                      while( ( length = gzis.read( buffer ) ) >= 0 )
                      {
                          baos.write(buffer,0,length);
                      }   // end while: reading input
  
                      // No error? Get new bytes.
                      bytes = baos.toByteArray();
  
                  }   // end try
                  catch( java.io.IOException e )
                  {
                      // Just return originally-decoded bytes
                  }   // end catch
                  finally
                  {
                      try{ baos.close(); } catch( Exception e ){}
                      try{ gzis.close(); } catch( Exception e ){}
                      try{ bais.close(); } catch( Exception e ){}
                  }   // end finally
  
              }   // end if: gzipped
          }   // end if: bytes.length >= 2
          
          return bytes;
      }   // end decode
  
  
      
  
      /**
       * Attempts to decode Base64 data and deserialize a Java
       * Object within. Returns <tt>null</tt> if there was an error.
       *
       * @param encodedObject The Base64 data to decode
       * @return The decoded and deserialized object
       * @since 1.5
       */
      public static Object decodeToObject( String encodedObject )
      {
          // Decode and gunzip if necessary
          byte[] objBytes = decode( encodedObject );
          
          java.io.ByteArrayInputStream  bais = null;
          java.io.ObjectInputStream     ois  = null;
          Object obj = null;
          
          try
          {
              bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream( objBytes );
              ois  = new java.io.ObjectInputStream( bais );
          
              obj = ois.readObject();
          }   // end try
          catch( java.io.IOException e )
          {
              e.printStackTrace();
              obj = null;
          }   // end catch
          catch( java.lang.ClassNotFoundException e )
          {
              e.printStackTrace();
              obj = null;
          }   // end catch
          finally
          {
              try{ bais.close(); } catch( Exception e ){}
              try{ ois.close();  } catch( Exception e ){}
          }   // end finally
          
          return obj;
      }   // end decodeObject
      
      
      
      /**
       * Convenience method for encoding data to a file.
       *
       * @param dataToEncode byte array of data to encode in base64 form
       * @param filename Filename for saving encoded data
       * @return <tt>true</tt> if successful, <tt>false</tt> otherwise
       *
       * @since 2.1
       */
      public static boolean encodeToFile( byte[] dataToEncode, String filename )
      {
          boolean success = false;
          Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
          try
          {
              bos = new Base64.OutputStream( 
                        new java.io.FileOutputStream( filename ), Base64.ENCODE );
              bos.write( dataToEncode );
              success = true;
          }   // end try
          catch( java.io.IOException e )
          {
              
              success = false;
          }   // end catch: IOException
          finally
          {
              try{ bos.close(); } catch( Exception e ){}
          }   // end finally
          
          return success;
      }   // end encodeToFile
      
      
      /**
       * Convenience method for decoding data to a file.
       *
       * @param dataToDecode Base64-encoded data as a string
       * @param filename Filename for saving decoded data
       * @return <tt>true</tt> if successful, <tt>false</tt> otherwise
       *
       * @since 2.1
       */
      public static boolean decodeToFile( String dataToDecode, String filename )
      {
          boolean success = false;
          Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
          try
          {
                  bos = new Base64.OutputStream( 
                            new java.io.FileOutputStream( filename ), Base64.DECODE );
                  bos.write( dataToDecode.getBytes( PREFERRED_ENCODING ) );
                  success = true;
          }   // end try
          catch( java.io.IOException e )
          {
              success = false;
          }   // end catch: IOException
          finally
          {
                  try{ bos.close(); } catch( Exception e ){}
          }   // end finally
          
          return success;
      }   // end decodeToFile
      
      
      
      
      /**
       * Convenience method for reading a base64-encoded
       * file and decoding it.
       *
       * @param filename Filename for reading encoded data
       * @return decoded byte array or null if unsuccessful
       *
       * @since 2.1
       */
      public static byte[] decodeFromFile( String filename )
      {
          byte[] decodedData = null;
          Base64.InputStream bis = null;
          try
          {
              // Set up some useful variables
              java.io.File file = new java.io.File( filename );
              byte[] buffer = null;
              int length   = 0;
              int numBytes = 0;
              
              // Check for size of file
              if( file.length() > Integer.MAX_VALUE )
              {
                  System.err.println( "File is too big for this convenience method (" + file.length() + " bytes)." );
                  return null;
              }   // end if: file too big for int index
              buffer = new byte[ (int)file.length() ];
              
              // Open a stream
              bis = new Base64.InputStream( 
                        new java.io.BufferedInputStream( 
                        new java.io.FileInputStream( file ) ), Base64.DECODE );
              
              // Read until done
              while( ( numBytes = bis.read( buffer, length, 4096 ) ) >= 0 )
                  length += numBytes;
              
              // Save in a variable to return
              decodedData = new byte[ length ];
              System.arraycopy( buffer, 0, decodedData, 0, length );
              
          }   // end try
          catch( java.io.IOException e )
          {
              System.err.println( "Error decoding from file " + filename );
          }   // end catch: IOException
          finally
          {
              try{ bis.close(); } catch( Exception e) {}
          }   // end finally
          
          return decodedData;
      }   // end decodeFromFile
      
      
      
      /**
       * Convenience method for reading a binary file
       * and base64-encoding it.
       *
       * @param filename Filename for reading binary data
       * @return base64-encoded string or null if unsuccessful
       *
       * @since 2.1
       */
      public static String encodeFromFile( String filename )
      {
          String encodedData = null;
          Base64.InputStream bis = null;
          try
          {
              // Set up some useful variables
              java.io.File file = new java.io.File( filename );
              byte[] buffer = new byte[ Math.max((int)(file.length() * 1.4),40) ]; // Need max() for math on small files (v2.2.1)
              int length   = 0;
              int numBytes = 0;
              
              // Open a stream
              bis = new Base64.InputStream( 
                        new java.io.BufferedInputStream( 
                        new java.io.FileInputStream( file ) ), Base64.ENCODE );
              
              // Read until done
              while( ( numBytes = bis.read( buffer, length, 4096 ) ) >= 0 )
                  length += numBytes;
              
              // Save in a variable to return
              encodedData = new String( buffer, 0, length, Base64.PREFERRED_ENCODING );
                  
          }   // end try
          catch( java.io.IOException e )
          {
              System.err.println( "Error encoding from file " + filename );
          }   // end catch: IOException
          finally
          {
              try{ bis.close(); } catch( Exception e) {}
          }   // end finally
          
          return encodedData;
          }   // end encodeFromFile
      
      /**
       * Reads <tt>infile</tt> and encodes it to <tt>outfile</tt>.
       *
       * @param infile Input file
       * @param outfile Output file
       * @since 2.2
       */
      public static void encodeFileToFile( String infile, String outfile )
      {
          String encoded = Base64.encodeFromFile( infile );
          java.io.OutputStream out = null;
          try{
              out = new java.io.BufferedOutputStream(
                    new java.io.FileOutputStream( outfile ) );
              out.write( encoded.getBytes("US-ASCII") ); // Strict, 7-bit output.
          }   // end try
          catch( java.io.IOException ex ) {
              ex.printStackTrace();
          }   // end catch
          finally {
              try { out.close(); }
              catch( Exception ex ){}
          }   // end finally    
      }   // end encodeFileToFile
  
  
      /**
       * Reads <tt>infile</tt> and decodes it to <tt>outfile</tt>.
       *
       * @param infile Input file
       * @param outfile Output file
       * @since 2.2
       */
      public static void decodeFileToFile( String infile, String outfile )
      {
          byte[] decoded = Base64.decodeFromFile( infile );
          java.io.OutputStream out = null;
          try{
              out = new java.io.BufferedOutputStream(
                    new java.io.FileOutputStream( outfile ) );
              out.write( decoded );
          }   // end try
          catch( java.io.IOException ex ) {
              ex.printStackTrace();
          }   // end catch
          finally {
              try { out.close(); }
              catch( Exception ex ){}
          }   // end finally    
      }   // end decodeFileToFile
      
      
      /* ********  I N N E R   C L A S S   I N P U T S T R E A M  ******** */
      
      
      
      /**
       * A {@link Base64.InputStream} will read data from another
       * <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt>, given in the constructor,
       * and encode/decode to/from Base64 notation on the fly.
       *
       * @see Base64
       * @since 1.3
       */
      public static class InputStream extends java.io.FilterInputStream
      {
          private boolean encode;         // Encoding or decoding
          private int     position;       // Current position in the buffer
          private byte[]  buffer;         // Small buffer holding converted data
          private int     bufferLength;   // Length of buffer (3 or 4)
          private int     numSigBytes;    // Number of meaningful bytes in the buffer
          private int     lineLength;
          private boolean breakLines;     // Break lines at less than 80 characters
        private int     options;        // Record options used to create the stream.
        private byte[]  alphabet;      // Local copies to avoid extra method calls
        private byte[]  decodabet;    // Local copies to avoid extra method calls
          
          
          /**
           * Constructs a {@link Base64.InputStream} in DECODE mode.
           *
           * @param in the <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt> from which to read data.
           * @since 1.3
           */
          public InputStream( java.io.InputStream in )
          {   
              this( in, DECODE );
          }   // end constructor
          
          
          /**
           * Constructs a {@link Base64.InputStream} in
           * either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
           * <p>
           * Valid options:<pre>
           *   ENCODE or DECODE: Encode or Decode as data is read.
           *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
           *     (only meaningful when encoding)
           *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
           * </pre>
           * <p>
           * Example: <code>new Base64.InputStream( in, Base64.DECODE )</code>
           *
           *
           * @param in the <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt> from which to read data.
           * @param options Specified options
           * @see Base64#ENCODE
           * @see Base64#DECODE
           * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
           * @since 2.0
           */
          public InputStream( java.io.InputStream in, int options )
          {   
              super( in );
              this.breakLines   = (options & DONT_BREAK_LINES) != DONT_BREAK_LINES;
              this.encode       = (options & ENCODE) == ENCODE;
              this.bufferLength = encode ? 4 : 3;
              this.buffer       = new byte[ bufferLength ];
              this.position     = -1;
              this.lineLength   = 0;
           this.options      = options; // Record for later, mostly to determine which alphabet to use
           this.alphabet     = getAlphabet(options);
           this.decodabet    = getDecodabet(options);
          }   // end constructor
          
          /**
           * Reads enough of the input stream to convert
           * to/from Base64 and returns the next byte.
           *
           * @return next byte
           * @since 1.3
           */
          public int read() throws java.io.IOException 
          { 
              // Do we need to get data?
              if( position < 0 )
              {
                  if( encode )
                  {
                      byte[] b3 = new byte[3];
                      int numBinaryBytes = 0;
                      for( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ )
                      {
                          try
                          { 
                              int b = in.read();
                              
                              // If end of stream, b is -1.
                              if( b >= 0 )
                              {
                                  b3[i] = (byte)b;
                                  numBinaryBytes++;
                              }   // end if: not end of stream
                              
                          }   // end try: read
                          catch( java.io.IOException e )
                          {   
                              // Only a problem if we got no data at all.
                              if( i == 0 )
                                  throw e;
                              
                          }   // end catch
                      }   // end for: each needed input byte
                      
                      if( numBinaryBytes > 0 )
                      {
                          encode3to4( b3, 0, numBinaryBytes, buffer, 0, options );
                          position = 0;
                          numSigBytes = 4;
                      }   // end if: got data
                      else
                      {
                          return -1;
                      }   // end else
                  }   // end if: encoding
                  
                  // Else decoding
                  else
                  {
                      byte[] b4 = new byte[4];
                      int i = 0;
                      for( i = 0; i < 4; i++ )
                      {
                          // Read four "meaningful" bytes:
                          int b = 0;
                          do{ b = in.read(); }
                          while( b >= 0 && decodabet[ b & 0x7f ] <= WHITE_SPACE_ENC );
                          
                          if( b < 0 )
                              break; // Reads a -1 if end of stream
                          
                          b4[i] = (byte)b;
                      }   // end for: each needed input byte
                      
                      if( i == 4 )
                      {
                          numSigBytes = decode4to3( b4, 0, buffer, 0, options );
                          position = 0;
                      }   // end if: got four characters
                      else if( i == 0 ){
                          return -1;
                      }   // end else if: also padded correctly
                      else
                      {
                          // Must have broken out from above.
                          throw new java.io.IOException( "Improperly padded Base64 input." );
                      }   // end 
                      
                  }   // end else: decode
              }   // end else: get data
              
              // Got data?
              if( position >= 0 )
              {
                  // End of relevant data?
                  if( /*!encode &&*/ position >= numSigBytes )
                      return -1;
                  
                  if( encode && breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH )
                  {
                      lineLength = 0;
                      return '\n';
                  }   // end if
                  else
                  {
                      lineLength++;   // This isn't important when decoding
                                      // but throwing an extra "if" seems
                                      // just as wasteful.
                      
                      int b = buffer[ position++ ];
  
                      if( position >= bufferLength )
                          position = -1;
  
                      return b & 0xFF; // This is how you "cast" a byte that's
                                       // intended to be unsigned.
                  }   // end else
              }   // end if: position >= 0
              
              // Else error
              else
              {   
                  // When JDK1.4 is more accepted, use an assertion here.
                  throw new java.io.IOException( "Error in Base64 code reading stream." );
              }   // end else
          }   // end read
          
          
          /**
           * Calls {@link #read()} repeatedly until the end of stream
           * is reached or <var>len</var> bytes are read.
           * Returns number of bytes read into array or -1 if
           * end of stream is encountered.
           *
           * @param dest array to hold values
           * @param off offset for array
           * @param len max number of bytes to read into array
           * @return bytes read into array or -1 if end of stream is encountered.
           * @since 1.3
           */
          public int read( byte[] dest, int off, int len ) throws java.io.IOException
          {
              int i;
              int b;
              for( i = 0; i < len; i++ )
              {
                  b = read();
                  
                  //if( b < 0 && i == 0 )
                  //    return -1;
                  
                  if( b >= 0 )
                      dest[off + i] = (byte)b;
                  else if( i == 0 )
                      return -1;
                  else
                      break; // Out of 'for' loop
              }   // end for: each byte read
              return i;
          }   // end read
          
      }   // end inner class InputStream
      
      
      
      
      
      
      /* ********  I N N E R   C L A S S   O U T P U T S T R E A M  ******** */
      
      
      
      /**
       * A {@link Base64.OutputStream} will write data to another
       * <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt>, given in the constructor,
       * and encode/decode to/from Base64 notation on the fly.
       *
       * @see Base64
       * @since 1.3
       */
      public static class OutputStream extends java.io.FilterOutputStream
      {
          private boolean encode;
          private int     position;
          private byte[]  buffer;
          private int     bufferLength;
          private int     lineLength;
          private boolean breakLines;
          private byte[]  b4; // Scratch used in a few places
          private boolean suspendEncoding;
        private int options; // Record for later
        private byte[]  alphabet;      // Local copies to avoid extra method calls
        private byte[]  decodabet;    // Local copies to avoid extra method calls
          
          /**
           * Constructs a {@link Base64.OutputStream} in ENCODE mode.
           *
           * @param out the <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> to which data will be written.
           * @since 1.3
           */
          public OutputStream( java.io.OutputStream out )
          {   
              this( out, ENCODE );
          }   // end constructor
          
          
          /**
           * Constructs a {@link Base64.OutputStream} in
           * either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
           * <p>
           * Valid options:<pre>
           *   ENCODE or DECODE: Encode or Decode as data is read.
           *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
           *     (only meaningful when encoding)
           *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
           * </pre>
           * <p>
           * Example: <code>new Base64.OutputStream( out, Base64.ENCODE )</code>
           *
           * @param out the <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> to which data will be written.
           * @param options Specified options.
           * @see Base64#ENCODE
           * @see Base64#DECODE
           * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
           * @since 1.3
           */
          public OutputStream( java.io.OutputStream out, int options )
          {   
              super( out );
              this.breakLines   = (options & DONT_BREAK_LINES) != DONT_BREAK_LINES;
              this.encode       = (options & ENCODE) == ENCODE;
              this.bufferLength = encode ? 3 : 4;
              this.buffer       = new byte[ bufferLength ];
              this.position     = 0;
              this.lineLength   = 0;
              this.suspendEncoding = false;
              this.b4           = new byte[4];
           this.options      = options;
           this.alphabet     = getAlphabet(options);
           this.decodabet    = getDecodabet(options);
          }   // end constructor
          
          
          /**
           * Writes the byte to the output stream after
           * converting to/from Base64 notation.
           * When encoding, bytes are buffered three
           * at a time before the output stream actually
           * gets a write() call.
           * When decoding, bytes are buffered four
           * at a time.
           *
           * @param theByte the byte to write
           * @since 1.3
           */
          public void write(int theByte) throws java.io.IOException
          {
              // Encoding suspended?
              if( suspendEncoding )
              {
                  super.out.write( theByte );
                  return;
              }   // end if: supsended
              
              // Encode?
              if( encode )
              {
                  buffer[ position++ ] = (byte)theByte;
                  if( position >= bufferLength )  // Enough to encode.
                  {
                      out.write( encode3to4( b4, buffer, bufferLength, options ) );
  
                      lineLength += 4;
                      if( breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH )
                      {
                          out.write( NEW_LINE );
                          lineLength = 0;
                      }   // end if: end of line
  
                      position = 0;
                  }   // end if: enough to output
              }   // end if: encoding
  
              // Else, Decoding
              else
              {
                  // Meaningful Base64 character?
                  if( decodabet[ theByte & 0x7f ] > WHITE_SPACE_ENC )
                  {
                      buffer[ position++ ] = (byte)theByte;
                      if( position >= bufferLength )  // Enough to output.
                      {
                          int len = Base64.decode4to3( buffer, 0, b4, 0, options );
                          out.write( b4, 0, len );
                          //out.write( Base64.decode4to3( buffer ) );
                          position = 0;
                      }   // end if: enough to output
                  }   // end if: meaningful base64 character
                  else if( decodabet[ theByte & 0x7f ] != WHITE_SPACE_ENC )
                  {
                      throw new java.io.IOException( "Invalid character in Base64 data." );
                  }   // end else: not white space either
              }   // end else: decoding
          }   // end write
          
          
          
          /**
           * Calls {@link #write(int)} repeatedly until <var>len</var> 
           * bytes are written.
           *
           * @param theBytes array from which to read bytes
           * @param off offset for array
           * @param len max number of bytes to read into array
           * @since 1.3
           */
          public void write( byte[] theBytes, int off, int len ) throws java.io.IOException
          {
              // Encoding suspended?
              if( suspendEncoding )
              {
                  super.out.write( theBytes, off, len );
                  return;
              }   // end if: supsended
              
              for( int i = 0; i < len; i++ )
              {
                  write( theBytes[ off + i ] );
              }   // end for: each byte written
              
          }   // end write
          
          
          
          /**
           * Method added by PHIL. [Thanks, PHIL. -Rob]
           * This pads the buffer without closing the stream.
           */
          public void flushBase64() throws java.io.IOException 
          {
              if( position > 0 )
              {
                  if( encode )
                  {
                      out.write( encode3to4( b4, buffer, position, options ) );
                      position = 0;
                  }   // end if: encoding
                  else
                  {
                      throw new java.io.IOException( "Base64 input not properly padded." );
                  }   // end else: decoding
              }   // end if: buffer partially full
  
          }   // end flush
  
          
          /** 
           * Flushes and closes (I think, in the superclass) the stream. 
           *
           * @since 1.3
           */
          public void close() throws java.io.IOException
          {
              // 1. Ensure that pending characters are written
              flushBase64();
  
              // 2. Actually close the stream
              // Base class both flushes and closes.
              super.close();
              
              buffer = null;
              out    = null;
          }   // end close
          
          
          
          /**
           * Suspends encoding of the stream.
           * May be helpful if you need to embed a piece of
           * base640-encoded data in a stream.
           *
           * @since 1.5.1
           */
          public void suspendEncoding() throws java.io.IOException 
          {
              flushBase64();
              this.suspendEncoding = true;
          }   // end suspendEncoding
          
          
          /**
           * Resumes encoding of the stream.
           * May be helpful if you need to embed a piece of
           * base640-encoded data in a stream.
           *
           * @since 1.5.1
           */
          public void resumeEncoding()
          {
              this.suspendEncoding = false;
          }   // end resumeEncoding
          
          
          
      }   // end inner class OutputStream
      
      
  }   // end class Base64
  
  
  



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