Jason,
A question on the big memory buffer. Can that be setup to leverage large page memory?
That would have the added advantage of fewer TLB misses, and it wouldn't be swappable
to disk. Also, the newer Intel and AMD chips support 1GB HugeTLB, which even further
reduces the TLB misses, from testing that has been done by Shak's team. I have yet to
take another workload and try it yet, but we will be trying it on SPECjEnterprise2010 in
the near future.
Andy
----- Original Message -----
From: "Jason Greene" <jason.greene(a)redhat.com>
To: undertow-dev(a)lists.jboss.org
Sent: Monday, September 10, 2012 3:47:32 PM
Subject: [undertow-dev] File Serving Performance and Research Details
Hello Everyone,
On and off for the past couple of weeks I have been working on the
file serving implementation in undertow. This lead to lots and lots
of benchmarking, which in turn lead to a lot of bug and perf fixes
in various areas of the web server and xnio.
The outcome that seems to work the best for what we have available in
Java NIO is a caching / sendfile mix approach. The maintenance of
the cache is completely non-blocking and relies on a modified
concurrent direct deque, which lets us delete in the middle. This
allows an access list to be stored. In order to further reduce
possible contention, we sample access at 5 request intervals
(requests % 5 = do stuff).
Blocking transfer process (default)
------------------------------------
1. If entry is cached jump to non-blocking cached transfer process
2. Otherwise kick off the file operations to a task on a worker
thread
3. If this is a head operation, the task simply executes a stat call
and returns the appropriate details. (Note that stat calls can block
[metadata read], which is why it's done the same as a transfer [in a
workerthread])
4. If the file has not been accessed at least 5 times recently, or
there is no cache space, or it is too big of a file, then it is then
transferred in a blocking mode using FileChannel.transferTo, which
under the hood uses sendfile, or other OS file transfer optimized
calls.
5. Otherwise the file is buffered and cached and then transferred
using scattering writes. The caching process will attempt to reclaim
"older" cache base following an LRU like approach.
Non-blocking transfer process (when cached)
-------------------------------------------
1. All cache entries are stored in blocks (slices) within a big
direct memory buffer. This uses native memory outside of the Xmx
settings of Java, and has the advantage that it can be written
directly to a socket without copying.
2. When they are retrieved they are reference counted as a group to
prevent reclamation from corrupting the to be transferred state.
3. The buffers are attempted to be written in one scattering write
unless the socket send buffer fills.
4. If the send buffer is full, an event listener is registered, and
will be executed in async non-blocking fashion later
5. The remaining portion, if any is transferred, and the ref counts
are restored
Results
-------
On a dual-core intel i7 system (Stuart's laptop), we easily get over
100k requests per second on small files (808 bytes) using the
loopback device. Testing a variety of sizes we overall push around 1
gigabytes a seconds. My older core 2 quad system (Q6700 CPU) does
around 80k eps and around 700-800 MB/s. There are some limitations
we run into with the load driver (currently using httperf). Httperf
can only use one CPU, so http pipelining (sending multiple requests
on the same connection) is necessary to drive that level of load.
Performance scales well with a large number of connections. I can
drive close to the same traffic with 10k connections, but the
connection setup time and maintenance adds a bit of cost.
Another interesting aspect is OS overhead. Tomaz was able to improve
his results by using an ethernet adapter over a loopback, and
multiple hosts. This is likely because the TCP stack was half as
busy. Also connection tracking in iptables has a big effect (almost
5-6%), so disabling it helps quite a bit
Future Research Possibilities
----------------------------
It appears we could support AIO and non-blocking logic across the
board if we wrote native code that uses the linux kernel interfaces.
A big problem is that the filesystem must support non-blocking
operations, and most don't across the board. XFS appears to though,
so it might be worth exploring AIO on XFS. We would still want to
cache like above hough, because the interface only works with
unbuffered direct i/o. The big thing we would be saving is that
context switch for the hand off.
NIO also does some unnecessary locking due to its API design, that we
have measured an impact for under contention. At some point we could
consider writing a simple portable native backend for XNIO, which
bypassed all of that. IMO we still need very good perf on standard
NIO, so should keep the focus on that for now.
-Jason
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